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Hazard Predictions

• Corrosive: Reaction products may be corrosive
• Explosive: Reaction products may be explosive or sensitive to shock or friction
• Flammable: Reaction products may be flammable
• Generates gas: Reaction liberates gaseous products and may cause pressurization
• Generates heat: Exothermic reaction at ambient temperatures (releases heat)
• Intense or explosive reaction: Reaction may be particularly intense, violent, or explosive
• Toxic: Reaction products may be toxic

HCl reacts with oxidizing agents (e.g., H2O2, V2O5), including oxygen, to produce toxic Cl2 gas (Hisham, M.W.M., T.V. Bommaraju. 2004. Hydrogen Chloride. In Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (Online)).

Reaction of HCl and KMnO4 evolves toxic Cl2 gas (Curry, J.C. 1965. School Science Review 46(160):770.), and can be explosive, possibly due to the formation of Cl2O gas (Ephraim, F., Thorne, P.C.L., Ward, A.M., Inorganic Chemistry, 3rd English Ed., London, Gurney & Jackson, 1939, p. 162.).

Reaction of concentrated hydrofluoric acid and anhydrous KMnO4 is exothermic and violent (Black, A.M. et al. 1974. Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Trans. 977.).

Hydrofluoric acid forms the powerful oxidizer HgF2 when it reacts with HgO; reactions involving an HF/HgO mixture and organic materials must be run at low temperature to avoid a runaway reaction (Ormston, J. 1944. School Science Review 26(98):32).

Reaction of HBr and ozone accelerates to explosion, even at -104 C (Lewis, B. et al. 1931. Journal of the American Chemical Society 53, p. 3565.).

HF, HCl, HBr, and HI, whether aqueous or anhydrous, ignite on contact with fluorine. (Mellor, J.W. 1940. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd. Volume 2. pp. 12.).

HCl reacts violently with AgClO4 in carbon tetrachloride solution (Lewis, R.J., Sr. 1992. Sax's Dangerous Properties of Industrial Materials, 8th Edition. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. pp. 1893.).

Sodium chlorate may react with sulfur dioxide to liberate toxic and flammable ClO2 and toxic Cl2 gases (Masschelein, W. J. Chlorine Dioxide. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science Publishers Inc., 1979 pp. 114).

In aqueous solution, hypochlorite salts (including the common bleaching agents sodium hypochlorite and calcium hypochlorite) are in a pH-dependent equilibrium with dissolved chlorine gas. Under basic (high pH) conditions, the equilibrium favors the hypochlorite ion, but under acidic conditions, the equilibrium is shifted strongly toward chlorine gas, which can evaporate out of solution under certain conditions and cause a severe inhalation hazard. The accidental mixing of sodium hypochlorite bleach with acidic cleaning agents, and the subsequent rapid generation of chlorine gas, has resulted in serious injuries and death. This has occurred even with weak acids.

Potential Gas Byproducts

• Bromine (BR2)
• Chlorine (Cl2)
• Chlorine Dioxide (ClO2)
• Halogen Gas (X2)
• Halogen Oxides (X2O)