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Hazard Predictions

• Generates gas: Reaction liberates gaseous products and may cause pressurization
• Generates heat: Exothermic reaction at ambient temperatures (releases heat)
• Intense or explosive reaction: Reaction may be particularly intense, violent, or explosive
• Polymerization hazard: Polymerization reaction may become intense and may cause pressurization

Addition of mineral acids to carbon-carbon double bonds can result in exothermic alkene-addition reactions, forming alkyl halides in the case of hydrohalic acids (Loudon, Marc. 2002. Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 134).

Strong acids can initiate the exothermic polymerization of polymerizable compounds such as acrylates. These reactions can be violent (Rich, G. A., 1993, Dangerous Chemical Reactions, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX, p. 244).

At high temperature, acrylate polymerization may liberate CO2 and/or other gases. Acrylates and acrylic acids are polymerizable materials and are typically inhibited with low ppm levels of antioxidants (inhibitors) to prevent premature polymerization chain reactions. Many of these inhibitors require dissolved oxygen to be effective. Inhibitor depletion is a function of time and temperature, with higher temperatures increasing depletion rates. These materials are known to be susceptible to destabilization due to low ppm levels of contaminants. Radical generating contaminants such as peroxides and azides are known to initiate monomer polymerization; however, the effects of seemingly benign materials are harder to predict. Therefore, extreme caution should be used in any contamination event. And the material should be presumed to be destabilized until testing and consultation with experts. Uncontrolled polymerization reactions can become adiabatic and lead to a serious runaway reaction with high temperatures and pressures. The general hazards of monomers are discussed in Frurip et al., Process Safety Progress (Vol. 14, No. 2) 1995.

Potential Gas Byproducts

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Hydrocarbons