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Hazard Predictions

• Corrosive: Reaction products may be corrosive
• Generates gas: Reaction liberates gaseous products and may cause pressurization
• Generates heat: Exothermic reaction at ambient temperatures (releases heat)
• Toxic: Reaction products may be toxic

Heat is generated when strong acids are dissolved in water ("heat of solution"). The heat may be sufficient to generate fumes of the acid.

The reaction of sulfuric acid with water is negligible unless acid strength is above 80-90% then heat from hydrolysis is extreme, may cause severe burns (The Merck Index, Rahway (NJ), Merck and Co. Inc., 11th ed. 1989). During sulfonation of mononitrobenzene by fuming sulfuric acid, a leak from an internal cooling coil permitted water to enter the reaction tank. A violent eruption occurred due to the heat of solution (MCA Case History 944, Case Histories of Accidents in the Chemical Industry, Washington, Manufacturing Chemists' Association, 1963).

Nitrosylsulfuric acid decomposes in water to form sulfuric and nitric acids, as well as gaseous NO2 (The Merck Index, Rahway (NJ), Merck and Co. Inc., 11th ed. 1989). In experiments at Argonne National Laboratory, in which it was mixed with water and stirred at room conditions, about 94 percent of the theoretical yield of NO2 evolved as a gas in the first 5 minutes (Brown, D. F., et al. (2000) Development of the Table of Initial Isolation and Protective Action Distances for the 2000 Emergency Response Guidebook, ANL/DIS-00-1, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne IL).

Sulfur trioxide fumes heavily in moist air. The fumes are acidic and corrosive. Combines violently with water, forming sulfuric acid (The Merck Index, Rahway (NJ), Merck and Co. Inc., 11th ed. 1989).

Fluorosulfonic acid fumes in moist air, and reacts violently with water to form hydrogen fluoride and sulfuric acid mist and large amounts of heat (Tabel, E., Zirngiebl, E. and Maas, J. 2011. Fluorosulfuric Acid. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. (Online)).

Nitric acid is soluble in all proportions with water. Dissolution in water produces heat, fumes (including acid fumes), and spattering (Thiemann, M., Scheibler, E. and Wiegand, K. W. 2000. Nitric Acid, Nitrous Acid, and Nitrogen Oxides. Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. (Online)).

Potential Gas Byproducts

• Acid Fumes
• Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)