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Hazard Predictions

• Explosive: Reaction products may be explosive or sensitive to shock or friction
• Flammable: Reaction products may be flammable
• Generates gas: Reaction liberates gaseous products and may cause pressurization
• Generates heat: Exothermic reaction at ambient temperatures (releases heat)
• Intense or explosive reaction: Reaction may be particularly intense, violent, or explosive
• Polymerization hazard: Polymerization reaction may become intense and may cause pressurization

Acetylene and HNO3 react to liberate toxic NOx and inert CO2 gases (Copenhaver, J. W. and Bigelow M. H. Acetylene and Carbon Monoxide Chemistry. New York: Reinhold Publishing Co, 1949, pp. 23).

Strong acids can add across the carbon-carbon triple bond present in acetylene and acetylene derivatives, resulting in a compound with a carbon-carbon double bond or possibly a carbon-carbon single bond if the addition reaction occurs twice. This reaction may be exothermic (Loudon, Marc. 2002. Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 614).

Phenylacetylene explodes on contact with perchloric acid. This can even occur at cryogenic temperatures if a dilutant is not present (Martheard, J.P. et al. 1982. Tetrahedron Letters 23:3484.).

Acetylene reacts violently or explosively with most oxidants (Urben, P.G. 1995. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th Edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 265.).

Dienes and alkynes form hypergolic (spontaneously explosive) mixtures with HNO3 (Andrussow, L. 1961. Chim. Ind. (Paris) 86:542).

Strong oxidizing acids, such as sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, or nitric acid, can catalyze exothermic alkyne-hydration reactions, which produce aldehydes and ketones (Loudon, Marc. 2002. Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 615).

Strong oxidizing acids can initiate the exothermic polymerization of olefins. These reactions can be violent (Rich, G. A., 1993, Dangerous Chemical Reactions, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX, p. 251). Alkynes may react in a similar way.

Potential Gas Byproducts

• Aldehydes
• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)