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Hazard Predictions

• Flammable: Reaction products may be flammable
• Generates gas: Reaction liberates gaseous products and may cause pressurization
• Generates heat: Exothermic reaction at ambient temperatures (releases heat)
• Intense or explosive reaction: Reaction may be particularly intense, violent, or explosive
• Toxic: Reaction products may be toxic

Phenylacetylene explodes on contact with perchloric acid. This can even occur at cryogenic temperatures if a dilutant is not present (Martheard, J.P. et al. 1982. Tetrahedron Letters 23:3484.).

Acetylene reacts violently or explosively with most oxidants (Urben, P.G. 1995. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th Edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 265.).

Cyclopentadiene reacts explosively with HNO3 or concentrated H2SO4 (Wilson, P.J. et al. 1944. Chemical Reviews 38:8.).

Aliphatic unsaturated hydrocarbons are very susceptible to oxidation by strong oxidizing acids, which can result in heat generation and fire (Rich, G. A., 1993, Dangerous Chemical Reactions, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX, p. 249).

Addition of mineral acids to alkenes can result in exothermic alkene-addition reactions, forming alkyl sulfates in the case of sulfuric acid (Rich, G. A., 1993, Dangerous Chemical Reactions, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX, p. 242).

Strong oxidizing acids, such as sulfuric acid, perchloric acid, or nitric acid, can catalyze exothermic alkene-hydration reactions, which produce alcohols (Loudon, Marc. 2002. Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 152).

Strong oxidizing acids can initiate the exothermic polymerization of olefins. These reactions can be violent (Rich, G. A., 1993, Dangerous Chemical Reactions, Gulf Publishing Co., Houston, TX, p. 251).

Acetylene and HNO3 react to liberate toxic NOx and inert CO2 gases (Copenhaver, J. W. and Bigelow M. H. Acetylene and Carbon Monoxide Chemistry. New York: Reinhold Publishing Co, 1949, pp. 23).

Dienes and alkynes form hypergolic (spontaneously explosive) mixtures with HNO3 (Andrussow, L. 1961. Chim. Ind. (Paris) 86:542).

Potential Gas Byproducts

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)