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Hazard Predictions

• Generates gas: Reaction liberates gaseous products and may cause pressurization
• Generates heat: Exothermic reaction at ambient temperatures (releases heat)
• Toxic: Reaction products may be toxic

Acyl halides undergo rapid nucleophilic attack by strong nucleophiles such as sulfide ion (Loudon, Marc. 2002. Organic Chemistry. 4th ed. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 957-962). This reaction produces thiocarboxylic acids, which are significantly stronger than the corresponding carboxylic acids, and halide salts. If any water is present, it will also react with the acyl halide to generate carboxylic acid and HX gas, which can react with the remaining sulfide to form toxic and flammable hydrogen sulfide gas.

Acetyl chloride reacts violently with strong bases (Pohanish, Richard P.; Greene, Stanley A. (2009). Wiley Guide to Chemical Incompatibilities (3rd Edition). John Wiley & Sons. p. 20).

Potential Gas Byproducts

• Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)
• Hydrogen Halide (HX)
• Acid Fumes