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Metals, Elemental and Powder, Active mixed with
Oxidizing Agents, Strong

Hazard Predictions

• Explosive: Reaction products may be explosive or sensitive to shock or friction
• Flammable: Reaction products may be flammable
• Generates gas: Reaction liberates gaseous products and may cause pressurization
• Generates heat: Exothermic reaction at ambient temperatures (releases heat)
• Intense or explosive reaction: Reaction may be particularly intense, violent, or explosive
• Toxic: Reaction products may be toxic

Many active metals, especially in powder form, are strong reducing agents, so their interactions with oxidizing agents will generally be vigorous and therefore hazardous. Specific examples follow:

Calcium explodes on contact with N2O4 at ambient temperatures (Pascal, P. 1956. Nouveau Trait茅 de Chimie Min茅rale. Vol. 10, p. 382. Masson et Cie.; Pascal, P. 1958. Nouveau Trait茅 de Chimie Min茅rale. Vol. 4, p. 291. Masson et Cie.) and reacts explosively with P4O10 if heated (J. W. Mellor, 1940. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 8, pp. 945. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Iron or magnesium ignites if heated in N2O4, and aluminum forms explosive mixtures with N2O4 (J. W. Mellor, 1940. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 8, pp. 544-545. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.; J. W. Mellor, 1942. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 13, pp. 342. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.; A. D. Kirshenbaum, 1956, Final Report on Fundamental Studies of New Explosive Reactions, Philadelphia, Research Institute of Temple University, pp. 4, 13.).

Cobalt sensitizes hydrazinium nitrate to explosive decomposition (J. W. Mellor, 1940. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 8, pp. 327. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Aluminum, calcium, iron, magnesium, and other metals ignite violently on contact with ClF3 (Urben, P.G. 1995. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th Edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1237).

Many metals, including aluminum, barium, chromium, iron, nickel, zinc, titanium, and cobalt ignite on contact with BrF5 (J. W. Mellor, 1940. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 2, pp. 113-114. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.; N. V. Sidgwick, 1950, The Chemical Elements and their Compounds, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 1158; J. W. Mellor, 1967. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 2, Supplement 1, pp. 172. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Aluminum ignites on contact with Cl2 at ambient temperatures, and reacts vigorously with bromine (J. W. Mellor, 1946. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 2, pp. 92, 135. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.; J. W. Mellor, 1946. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 5, pp. 209. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.). It can ignite on contact with iodine if water is present (Jackson, H. 1969. Spectrum 7:82; Azmathulla, S. et al. 1955. Journal of Chemical Education 32:447; 1956. School Science Review 38(134):107; A. D. Kirshenbaum, 1956, Final Report on Fundamental Studies of New Explosive Reactions, Philadelphia, Research Institute of Temple University, pp. 4, 13).

Calcium (J. W. Mellor, 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 3, pp. 638. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.) and magnesium (J. W. Mellor, 1940. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 4, pp. 267. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.) ignite on contact with fluorine or chlorine at ambient temperatures, and magnesium can ignite on contact with iodine if water is present (Jackson, H. 1969. Spectrum 7:82).

Iron ignites in chlorine at ambient temperatures (Urben, P.G. 1995. Bretherick's Handbook of Reactive Chemical Hazards, 5th Edition. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 1303; Mellor, J.W. 1967. Mellor's Modern Inorganic Chemistry, 6th Edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 915).

Titanium can ignite on contact with dry chlorine (Hanson, B.H. 1975. Process Engineering (2):77).

Zinc can incandesce in fluorine, and ignites in chlorine or iodine if moisture is present (J. W. Mellor, 1940. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 4, pp. 476. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.; Jackson, H. 1969. Spectrum 7:82).

Titanium reacts explosively with potassium chlorate or potassium permanganate if the mixture is heated (J. W. Mellor, 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 7, pp. 20. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Aluminum forms impact, heat, and friction-sensitive explosive mixtures with bromates, iodates, chlorates, and perchlorates (J. W. Mellor, 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 2, pp. 310. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.; J. W. Mellor, 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 4, pp. 476. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.; Annikov, V.E. et al. 1976. Chemical Abstracts 85:145389; Anon. 1936. Chemical and Engineering News 14:451).

Zinc forms explosive mixtures with metal halogenates, including potassium chlorate; the mixtures are heat-, impact-, and friction-sensitive (J. W. Mellor, 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 2, pp. 310. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.; J. W. Mellor, 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 4, pp. 480. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Magnesium forms explosive mixtures with metal halogenates, including potassium chlorate (J. W. Mellor, 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 2, pp. 310. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.; Anon. 1936. Chemical and Engineering News 14:451), ammonium chlorate (Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, 3rd Edition. Volume 19. 1982. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. pp. 494 (Online)), potassium perchlorate (J. C. Schumacher. 1960. Perchlorates, their Properties, Manufacture and Uses. ACS 146, New York, Reinhold, pp. 210), and sodium iodate (Webster, H.A. et al. 1974. Rept. AD-782510/2GA, Springfield (Va.), USNITS).

Nickel can form friction-sensitive explosive mixtures with potassium perchlorate and diatomaceous earth (J. C. Schumacher. 1960. Perchlorates, their Properties, Manufacture and Uses. ACS 146, New York, Reinhold, pp. 210).

Iron powder forms a highly exothermic mixture with potassium perchlorate (Munger, A.C. et al. 1973. Chemical Abstracts 98:91917).

Metals, including aluminum, chromium, iron, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, tin, zinc, and others form explosive mixtures with ammonium nitrate, and can react explosively under 200C (J. W. Mellor, 1946. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 5, pp. 219. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.; J. W. Mellor, 1964. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 8, Supplement 1, pp. 543-546. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Zinc can ignite in contact with ammonium salts, including nitrate and chloride, if water is present (G. Sorbe, 1968, Giftige und Explosive Substanzen, Frankfurt, Umschau Verlag, pp. 158; Hanson, R.M. 1976. Journal of Chemical Education 53:578).

The mixture of titanium and AgNO3 or KNO3 is powerfully explosive and sensitive to heat, impact, and friction (Shanley, E.S. 1990. Chemical and Engineering News 68(16):2; J. W. Mellor, 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 7, pp. 20. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Magnesium can react violently or explosively with inorganic nitrates (J. W. Mellor, 1940. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 4, pp. 272. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.; J. W. Mellor, 1967. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 8, Supplement 2.1, pp. 545. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.), and ignites on contact with moist silver nitrate (H. Ellern, 1968, Military and Civilian Pyrotechnics, New York, Chemical Publishing Co., pp. 46).

Aluminum forms explosive mixtures with sodium nitrate (Anon. 1935. Fire 28, 30) and other nitrate solutions (Annikov, V.E. et al. 1976. Chemical Abstracts 85:145389).

Iron forms pyrotechnic mixtures with potassium dichromate (Laye, P.G. et al. 1980. Thermochimica Acta 39:3567-359).

Aluminum forms intensely flammable mixtures with zinc peroxide (N. V. Sidgwick, 1950, The Chemical Elements and their Compounds, Oxford, Oxford University Press, pp. 270).

Iron catalyzes exothermic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide (J. W. Mellor, 1939. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 1, pp. 936-944. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Zinc is incandescently oxidized by KO2 (potassium superoxide) (J. W. Mellor, 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 2, pp. 493. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Aluminum forms an explosive mixture with liquid oxygen (A. D. Kirshenbaum, 1956, Final Report on Fundamental Studies of New Explosive Reactions, Philadelphia, Research Institute of Temple University, pp. 4, 13).

Iron, aluminum, nickel, titanium, and zinc react incandescently with nitryl fluoride if slightly warmed (Aynsley, E.E. et al. 1954. Journal of the Chemical Society, p. 1122).

Titanium reacts violently with CuO, PbO, and PbO2 (J. W. Mellor, 1961. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 7, pp. 20. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Magnesium reacts violently with PbO2 (J. W. Mellor, 1940. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 4, pp. 272. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Powdered aluminum and magnesium ignite when mixed with oxidants such as barium peroxide, barium nitrate, potassium chlorate, or silica powder (J. R. Partington, 1967, General and Inorganic Chemistry, London, MacMillan, 4th ed., p. 364; Pascal, P. 1958. Nouveau Trait茅 de Chimie Min茅rale. Vol. 4, p. 775. Masson et Cie.).

Titanium incandesces on contact with BrF3 ( J. W. Mellor, 1941. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 2, pp. 113. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.; J. W. Mellor, 1967. Mellor's Comprehensive Treatise on Inorganic and Theoretical Chemistry. Vol. 2, Supplement 1, pp. 164. Longmans, Green and Co Ltd.).

Active metals may cause inorganic oxidizing agents to liberate toxic and flammable H2S and NH3, toxic NOx, SO2, and inert CO2 gases (Predicted).

Potential Gas Byproducts

• Carbon Dioxide (CO2)
• Nitrogen Oxides (NOx)
• Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)