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Hazard Predictions

• Generates heat: Exothermic reaction at ambient temperatures (releases heat)
• Polymerization hazard: Polymerization reaction may become intense and may cause pressurization

Quaternary ammonium salts often are used as phase transfer agents and catalysts to accelerate reactions, often by transferring bases or acids from aqueous solutions into organic solutions, where they react with organic substrates. By their nature, quaternary ammonium and phosphonium salts have the potential to accelerate polymerization reactions.

Polymerizable materials typically are inhibited with low ppm levels of antioxidants (inhibitors) to prevent premature polymerization chain reactions. Many of these inhibitors require dissolved oxygen to be effective. Inhibitor depletion is a function of time and temperature, with higher temperatures increasing depletion rates. These materials are known to be susceptible to destabilization due to low ppm levels of contaminants. Radical generating contaminants such as peroxides and azides are known to initiate monomer polymerization; however, the effects of seemingly benign materials are harder to predict. Therefore, extreme caution should be used in any contamination event. And the material should be presumed to be destabilized until testing and consultation with experts. Uncontrolled polymerization reactions can become adiabatic and lead to a serious runaway reaction with high temperatures and pressures. The general hazards of monomers are discussed in Frurip et al., Process Safety Progress (Vol. 14, No. 2) 1995.